I mentioned a few posts ago that I want to talk about some of the historical, religious, and mythological antecedents to Santa Claus. As today is Saint Nicholas’s Day, this seems like a perfect time to get started. St. Nicholas (270-343) was a Greek/Turkish bishop and saint who became associated with gift giving due to a legend involving him paying three poor girls’ dowries (1). He is also often associated with children due to another legend and has taken on characteristics of popular pagan figures from Mediterranean and Scandinavian cultures, which is more common a phenomenon than one might think (2). Over a period of centuries, St. Nicholas slowly evolved into the figure we now know as Santa Claus through a variety of circumstances. These included the Protestant Reformation seeking to eliminate Christmas festivities (which didn’t really work out as intended), the Saint Nicholas-loving Dutch immigrating to the New World, the nineteenth-century rise of family values, the work of prominent writers, artists, and institutions (such as Thomas Nast, Washington Irving, and the New York Historical Society), and the mass dissemination of imagery through magazines and newspapers (3). The image of Saint Nicholas I’ve featured today, Saint Nicholas of Bari by Italian Renaissance artist Carlo Crivelli (c. 1430-1495), was painted for religious rather than folkloric reasons before the saint had taken on many of the connotations he has today. However, I chose this work because of its beautiful, decorative qualities, specifically the richly-embroidered cope and the ample use of red and gold, both of which I think foreshadow his future associations quite nicely.
Update: Grace at Cultural Life wrote an excellent post today about her family’s Christmas traditions, including gifts from Saint Nicholas.
Sources: The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas: A Guide to Online Resources
Saint Nicholas Center: Discovering the Truth About Santa Claus
I grew up with the tradition of polishing my shoes and leaving them out for St. Nicholas to fill with candy, lebkuchen and small gifts on December 6th. 🙂
I wrote about this festive tradition from my childhood in this blog post, which I published today.
Happy St. Nicholas’ Day!
Great article! I just updated this post with a link to yours. Happy St. Nicholas Day to you as well. 🙂
Thank you very much. 🙂